Human Mars landing mission for 2033

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CONTENTS


PREFACE

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MARS

1.1. Mars, the most Earth-like planet in the Solar system

1.2. Mars: Size, Mass and Density

1.3. Martian Orbit, Day and Magnetic Field

1.4. Properties of the Martian atmosphere and surface temperature

2. REMOTE SENSING AND SPACE OBSERVATIONS OF MARS

2.1. Remote sensing of the Martian surface

2.2. Space observations of Mars

3. THE MOONS OF MARS

4. WHY HAS MARS BEEN SELECTED AS THE FIRST PLANET FOR MANNED MISSIONS

4.1. Scientific Objectives of Mars Exploration

4.2. Mars Exploration as a Technology Driver

4.3. Benefits from Mars Exploration

4.4. Existence of past or present life on Mars

5. SELECTION OF THE EARTH-MARS SPACESHIPS TRAJECTORIES

5.1. General considerations

5.2. Motions of the Planets Earth-Mars

5.3. General Overview of Trajectory Designs

5.4. Abort and Rescue Possibilities

6. PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR MANNED MARS MISSIONS

6.1. General Considerations

6.2. Cryogenic Propulsion

6.3. Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

6.4. Nuclear Electric Propulsion

6.5. Other Propulsion Systems for Mars Cargo Missions

6.6. Advanced space propulsion in not too distant future

7. WHY AN INTERNATIONAL MARS PROGRAM?

7.1. Economic and Cost-Sharing Considerations

7.2. Scientific and Technological Impact of an International Mars Program

7.3. Mars Program Contribution to Political Stability

7.4. National Alternatives to an International Mars Program

8. HUMAN FACTOR, LIFE SUPORT SYSTEM AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN A MANNED MARS MISSION

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Radiation and Shielding

8.3. Radiation dose limits and the harmful effects of radiation

8.4. Life Support System

8.5. Hypo-gravity effects - Artificial Gravity

8.6. Isolation and Confinement Effects on crew members

8.7. Potential Medical challenge from long-duration space flight

8.8. Habitability and Management of Crises (2.dio, 3. dio)

9. SPACECRAFT FOR MANNED MARS MISSIONS

9.1. Description

9.2. Health and Safety Control

9.3. Propulsion systems

9.4. Shielding

9.5. Mars Excursion Module

9.6. Atmospheric Entry and Entry Dynamics

10. FIRST MARS MANNED BASE DESIGN

10.1. Some early plans of the manned Mars missions

10.2. Sub-phase of the self-sufficient Base on Mars

10.3. Spacesuit for Mars explorers

11. MARS HUMAN EXPANSION PHASE

11.1. General Considerations

11.2. Mars Human Expansion Phase

11.3. Scientific knowledge

11.4. Engineering

11.5. Colony Missions

11.6. Terra-forming of Mars in a distant future

12. TIME FRAME AND COST FOR A HUMAN MARS LANDING MISSION

12.1. Methods for forecasting the medium-term future

12.2. The recent uncertainties in prediction of the manned Moon and Mars missions

12.3. Political and Economic Consideration

12.4. Estimated costs of a manned Mars mission

12.5. Timeframe for a human Mars landing mission

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